Retrofit Strategies & Sequencing10 / 13
Adding Insulation to Existing Buildings
Internal vs external; solid wall vs cavity; cost and disruption trade-offs.
10 min read · Jacob Willis, Net Zero Lead · Last reviewed July 2026
Insulating the walls is the highest-impact fabric measure on most existing buildings, walls being the single largest heat-loss path, and it is also the one most likely to cause problems if done badly. There are two routes for solid walls, internal and external, plus the much cheaper option of filling a suitable cavity. Choosing between them, and handling the moisture risk each carries, is what separates a transformative retrofit from an expensive one that grows mould. This lesson covers all three and the condensation question that governs them.
In this lesson
- 01External wall insulation (EWI)
- 02Internal wall insulation (IWI)
- 03The moisture question
- 04Cavity walls: the cheap win
- 05Sources and further reading