Energy Academy
Insulation Fundamentals1 / 14

Heat Loss Calculation & U-Values

How heat flows, U-value definition, calculating losses through walls, roofs, windows.

11 min read · Jacob Willis, Net Zero Lead · Last reviewed July 2026


Before you can justify insulation, you have to quantify the heat being lost, and turn that rate into pounds a year. The calculations are straightforward, they underpin every insulation decision, and they are the difference between "this pipe feels hot" and "this pipe is costing £19,000 a year". This lesson builds the method from the U-value up to an annual energy figure ready for a payback calculation, and points to where curved surfaces such as pipes need a different approach.

In this lesson

  • 01The U-value
  • 02Heat loss through a surface
  • 03Annual energy from degree-days
  • 04Pipework and curved surfaces
  • 05Sources and further reading