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Water Tanks (Thermal Mass)

Hot water tanks for DHW, thermal storage; sizing, insulation, stratification.

10 min read · Jacob Willis, Net Zero Lead · Last reviewed July 2026


The humble water tank is the workhorse of thermal storage: cheap, safe, and effective, sensible water storage underpins most building heat and hot-water systems. Getting it right matters more than its simplicity suggests, because a poorly designed or badly connected tank can waste much of the value it should deliver. This lesson covers why water, the roles a tank plays, the stratification that determines its real performance, and losses and sizing.

In this lesson

  • 01Why water
  • 02Buffer tanks and their roles
  • 03Stratification: the key to performance
  • 04Losses and sizing
  • 05Sources and further reading