Solar Photovoltaic (PV)1 / 18
How Solar PV Works
Photons, silicon, cells, modules, string inverters; efficiency limits.
11 min read · Jacob Willis, Net Zero Lead · Last reviewed July 2026
Solar photovoltaics (PV) convert sunlight directly into electricity with no moving parts, no combustion, and no noise. They are now the cheapest form of new generation in much of the world and the most common on-site renewable for buildings, which is why this course opens with them. This lesson covers the photovoltaic effect, how cells build into arrays, the inverter, the cell technologies, and why PV has come to dominate.
In this lesson
- 01The photovoltaic effect
- 02From cell to array
- 03DC to AC: the inverter
- 04Cell technologies
- 05Sources and further reading